Agri Knowledge

S.No	Term	Origin
1	Agriculture	Latin word - 'ager' or 'agri' meaning 'soil' and 'cultura' meaning 'cultivation'
2	Agronomy	Greek word - 'agros' meaning 'field' and 'nomos' meaning 'manage'
3	Horticulture	Latin word - 'hortus' meaning 'garden' and 'cultura' meaning 'culture or growing'
4	Pomology	Latin-Greek word - Combination of Latin word 'ponum' meaning 'fruit' and Greek word 'logy' or 'logos' meaning 'discourse, treatise, or science'
5	Olericulture	Latin word - 'oleris' meaning 'pot herb' and English word 'culture' meaning 'cultivation'
6	Floriculture	Latin word - 'floris' meaning flower, concerned with cultivation of flowering & ornamental plants
7	Extension	Latin word - 'ex' meaning 'out' and 'tensio' meaning 'stretching'
8	Soil	Latin word - 'solum' meaning 'ground'
9	Monsoon	Arabic word - 'mausim' meaning 'season'
10	Biodynamics	Greek word - 'bios' meaning 'life' and 'dynamics' meaning 'energy'
11	Truck gardening	French word truck - 'torquer' meaning 'to barter or exchange'
12	Nematode	Greek word - 'nema' meaning 'thread' and 'eidos' meaning form
13	Pedology	Greek word - 'pedon' meaning 'soil or earth' and 'logy' meaning study
14	Pedagogy	Greek word - 'paid' meaning 'child' and 'agogus' meaning 'leader'
15	Market	Latin word - 'marcatus' meaning 'place of trade, traffic or merchandise'
16	Evolution	Latin word - 'evolutio' meaning 'unrolling or rolling out'
17	Enzyme	Greek word - 'en' meaning 'in' and 'zyme' meaning 'ferment/living'
18	Credit	Latin word - 'credo' meaning 'I trust you'
19	Society	Latin word - 'societas' which was derived from noun 'socius' meaning 'comrade, friend, ally'
20	Vulgarization	French word - 'vulgarize' meaning 'popularize'
21	Cell	Latin word - 'cellula' meaning 'small compartment'
22	'In- vivo' and 'In- vitro'	Latin word - 'In -vivo' meaning 'within the living' and 'In -vitro' meaning 'within the glass'
23	Plastid	Greek word - 'plastikas' meaning 'formed or moulded'
24	Ecology	Greek word - 'Oikos' meaning 'house/dwelling place' and 'logos' meaning 'study'
25	Entomology	Greek word - 'entomo' meaning 'insect' (cut into sections) and 'logos' meaning 'discourse'
26	Arthropoda	Greek word - 'arthros' meaning 'segmented' and 'podus' meaning 'leg'
27	Phytopathology	Greek word - 'phyton' meaning 'plant', 'pathos' meaning 'ailments' and 'logus' meaning 'knowledge'
28	Fungicide	Latin word - 'fungus' meaning 'fungus' and 'caedo' meaning 'to kill'
29	Meteorology	Greek word - 'Meteoro' meaning 'above the earth's surface' (atmosphere) and 'logy' meaning 'indicating science'

S.No	Revolutions	Description
1	Protein Revolution	Higher Production (Technology driven 2nd Green revolution)
2	Yellow Revolution	Oil seed Production (Especially Mustard and Sunflower)
3	Green Revolution	Food Grains
4	Black Revolution	Petroleum products
5	Blue Revolution	Fish Production
6	Brown Revolution	Leather/Cocoa
7	Golden Fiber Revolution	Jute Production
8	Golden Revolution	Fruits / Honey Production / Horticulture Development
9	Silver Revolution	Egg Production / Poultry Production
10	Silver Fiber Revolution	Cotton
11	Evergreen Revolution	Overall Production of Agriculture
12	Pink Revolution	Onion Production / Pharmaceuticals / Prawn Production
13	Red Revolution	Meat Production / Tomato Production
14	Round Revolution	Potato
15	Grey Revolution	Fertilizers
16	White Revolution	Operation Flood-Milk Production
17	Parbhani Revolution	Okra Production
18	Sweet Revolution	Honey Production

S.No	Acronym	Full Name	Place & State	Established Year
1	IIPR	Indian Institute of Pulse Research	Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh	1983
2	CICR	Central Institute of Cotton Research	Nagpur, Maharashtra	1976
3	IISR	Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research	Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh	1952
4	NBPGR	National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources	New Delhi, Delhi	1976
5	NCIPM	National Centre for Integrated Pest Management	New Delhi, Delhi	1988
6	SBI	Sugarcane Breeding Institute	Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	1912
7	VPKAS	Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan	Almora, Uttaranchal	1924
8	NRCG	National Research Centre for Groundnut	Junagarh, Gujarat	1979
9	CRIJAF	Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibres	Barrackpore, West Bengal	1953
10	CRRI	Central Rice Research Institute	Cuttack, Orissa	1946
11	CTRI	Central Tobacco Research Institute	Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh	1947
12	IARI	Indian Agriculture Research Institute	New Delhi, Delhi	1905
13	IGFRI	Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute	Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh	1962
14	NBAIM	National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms	Mau, Uttar Pradesh	2001
15	NBAIR	National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects	Bengaluru, Karnataka	1993
16	NRCPB	National Research Centre on Plant Bio-Technology	New Delhi, Delhi	1985
17	NRCRM	National Research Centre on Rapeseed & Mustard	Bharatpur, Rajasthan	1993
18	NRCS	National Research Centre on Soybean	Indore, Madhya Pradesh	1987
19	NRCS	National Research Centre on Sorghum	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1987
20	NRCDF	National Research Centre for DNA Finger Printing	New Delhi, Delhi	1989
21	DRR	Directorate of Rice Research	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1965
22	DOR	Directorate of Oilseed Research	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1977
23	DMR	Directorate of Maize Research	New Delhi, Delhi	1994
24	DWR	Directorate of Wheat Research	Karnal, Haryana	1966
25	DWMR	Directorate of Water Management Research	Patna, Bihar	1990
26	CARI	Central Agricultural Research Institute	Port Blair, Andaman	1978
27	CAZRI	Central Arid Zone Research Institute	Jodhpur, Rajasthan	1959
28	CRIDA	Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1985
29	PDCSR	Project Directorate for Cropping System Research	Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh	1985
30	CSSRI	Central Soil Salinity Research Institute	Karnal, Haryana	1969
31	CSWCRTI	Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute	Dehradun, Uttaranchal	1974
32	IISS	Indian Institute of Soil Science	Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh	1988
33	NBSS&LUP	National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning	Bengaluru, Karnataka	1976
34	NRCAF	National Research Centre for Agro-Forestry	Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh	1988
35	NRCWS	National Research Centre for Weed Sciences	Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh	1989
36	NRCWA	National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture	Bhubaneswar, Orissa	1996
37	ILRI	Indian Lac Research Institute	Ranchi, Jharkhand	1924
38	IASRI	Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute	New Delhi, Delhi	1930
39	NCAP	National Centre of Agricultural Economics & Policy Research	New Delhi, Delhi	1991
40	NAARM	National Academy of Agricultural Research & Management	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1976

S.No	Acronym	Full Name	Place & State	Established Year
1	IIHR	Indian Institute of Horticultural Research	Bengaluru, Karnataka	1967
2	IISR	Indian Institute of Spice Research	Calicut, Kerala	1975
3	CISTH	Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture	Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh	1995
4	CPCRI	Central Plantation Crops Research Institute	Kasaragod, Kerala	1916
5	CTCRI	Central Tuber Crops Research Institute	Trivandrum, Kerala	1963
6	CITH	Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture	Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir	1991
7	CPRI	Central Potato Research Institute	Shimla, Himachal Pradesh	1949
8	CIAH	Central Institute for Arid Horticulture	Bikaner, Rajasthan	1993
9	CRIC	Central Research Institute for Chikoo	Muzaffarpur, Uttar Pradesh	NA
10	NRCB	National Research Centre for Banana	Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu	1993
11	NRCC	National Research Centre for Cashew	Puttur, Karnataka	1986
12	NRCC	National Research Centre for Citrus	Nagpur, Maharashtra	1985
13	NRCG	National Research Centre for Grapes	Pune, Maharashtra	1997
14	NRCO	National Research Centre for Onion & Garlic	Pune, Maharashtra	1994
15	NRCM	National Research Centre for Mushroom	Solan, Himachal Pradesh	1983
16	NRCO	National Research Centre for Orchids	Gangtok, Sikkim	1996
17	NRCMAP	National Research Centre for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	Anand, Gujarat	1991
18	IIVR	Indian Institute of Vegetable Research	Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh	1971

S.No	Acronym	Full Name	Place & State	Established Year
1	CIPHET	Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology	Ludhiana, Punjab	1989
2	CIRCOT	Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology	Mumbai, Maharashtra	1924
3	CIAE	Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering	Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh	1976
4	NIRJAFT	National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibers Technology	Kolkata, West Bengal	1938

S.No	Acronym	Full Name	Place & State	Established Year
1	PDP	Project Directorate of Poultry	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	1970
2	PDC	Project Directorate of Cattle	Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh	1987
3	CARI	Central Avian Research Institute	Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh	1979
4	CIRG	Central Institute for Research on Goats	Mathura, Uttar Pradesh	1976
5	CIRB	Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes	Hisar, Haryana	1985
6	IVRI	Indian Veterinary Research Institute	Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh	1889
7	CSWRI	Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute	Avikanagar, Rajasthan	1962
8	HSADL	High Security Animal Diseases Laboratory	Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh	1988
9	NBAGR	National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources	Karnal, Haryana	1984
10	NDRI	National Dairy Research Institute	Karnal, Haryana	1923
11	NEBCAP	National Embryo Bio-Technology Centre for Animal Production	Karnal, Haryana	1993
12	NIANP	National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology	Bengaluru, Karnataka	1995
13	NRCC	National Research Centre on Camel	Bikaner, Rajasthan	1984
14	NRCMP	National Research Centre for Meat & Poultry	Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh	2005
15	NRCM	National Research Centre on Mithun	Kohima, Nagaland	1988
16	NRCY	National Research Centre on Yak	Dirang, Arunachal	1989
17	NRCE	National Research Centre on Equine	Hissar, Haryana	1986

S.No	Acronym	Full Name	Place & State	Established Year
1	CIFT	Central Institute of Fisheries Technology	Cochin, Kerala	1957
2	CIFA	Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture	Bhubaneswar, Orissa	1987
3	CICFRI	Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute	Barrackpore, West Bengal	1947
4	CIBA	Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture	Chennai, Tamil Nadu	1987
5	NBFGR	National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resource	Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh	1983
6	DCFR	Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research	Nainital, Uttarakhand	1998

S.No	Institution	Location	Established Year
1	Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research	Lucknow	1952
2	Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)	Kolkata	1876
3	Rubber Board	Kottayam	1947
4	Spice Board	Kochi, Kerala	1987
5	Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research	Karnal	1978
6	National Institute of Nutrition (NIN)	Hyderabad	1918
7	All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)	New Delhi	1956
8	Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)	Hyderabad	1985
9	Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited	Ranchi	1974
10	Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants	Lucknow	1959
11	Central Food Technological Research Institute	Mysore	1950
12	Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI)	Kolkata	1950
13	Central Institute of Fisheries Education	Mumbai	1961
14	Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and Engineering Training	Kochi, Kerala	1966
15	Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)	New Delhi	1905
16	Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)	New Delhi	1929
17	National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI)	Karnal	1923
18	Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET)	Ludhiana	1989
19	Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)	Izatnagar	1889
20	National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)	New Delhi	1976
21	National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)	Goa	1966
22	Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA)	Bhubaneswar	1987
23	Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)	Kochi, Kerala	1947
24	National Rice Research Institute (NRRI)	Cuttack	1946
25	Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR)	Bengaluru	1967

Agro-Climatic Zones Classification
Planning Commission	15
NARP of ICAR	131

S.No	Agro-Climatic Zones (Acc. to Planning Commission)
1	Western Himalayan division
2	Eastern Himalayan division
3	Lower Gangetic plain region
4	Middle Gangetic plain region
5	Upper Gangetic plain region
6	Trans-Gangetic plain region
7	Eastern plateau and hill region
8	Central plateau and hill region
9	Western plateau and hill region
10	Southern plateau and hill region
11	East coast plain and hill region
12	West coast plain and hill region
13	Gujarat plain and hill region
14	Western plain and hill region
15	Island region

Agro-Ecological Regions Classification
ICAR	8
NBSS & LUP	20

S.No	Agro-Ecological Regions (NBSS & LUP)
1	Western Himalayas
2	Western Plain, Kachchh, and part of Kathiwara Peninsula
3	Deccan Plateau
4	Northern Plain and Central Highlands including Aravallis
5	Central Malwa Highlands, Gujarat Plains, and Kathiawar Peninsula
6	Deccan Plateau, hot semi-arid ecoregion
7	Deccan (Telengana) Plateau and Eastern Ghats
8	Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu Plateau and Deccan (Karnataka)
9	Northern Plain, hot sub-humid (dry) ecoregion
10	Central Highlands (Malwas, Budelkhand, and Eastern Satpura)
11	Eastern Plateau (Chattisgarh), hot sub-humid ecoregion
12	Eastern (Chotanagpur) Plateau and Eastern Ghats
13	Eastern Plain
14	Western Himalayas
15	Bengal and Assam plains
16	Eastern Himalayas
17	North Eastern Hills (Purvanchal)
18	Eastern Coastal Plain
19	Western Ghats and Coastal Plain
20	Island of Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep

S.No	Term	Description
1	Cropping Pattern	Specific arrangement and sequence of crops grown in a particular area.
2	Agrisilviculture	Agricultural crops + Forest trees
3	Silvipastoral	Forest trees + Grasses
4	Agrisilvipastoral	Agricultural crops + Forest trees + Grasses
5	Agrihorti system	Agricultural crops + Fruit crops
6	Hortisilviculture	Fruit crops + Forest trees
7	Agrihortisilviculture	Agricultural crops + Horticultural crops + Forest crops
8	Aquasilviculture	Fish + Forest trees
9	Agrisilviaquaculture	Agricultural crops + Forest trees + Fish

S.No	Instrument	Use
1	Altimeter	Height
2	Barometer	Atmospheric Pressure
3	Crescograph	Plant Growth
4	Cambel Stokes Recorder	Duration of Sunshine
5	Fathometer	Depth of Sea
6	Hygrometer	Relative Humidity
7	Lactometer	Milk Purity
8	Lysimeter	Evapotranspiration
9	Pyconometer	Specific Gravity of Soil
10	Pyrheliometer	Amount of Direct Solar Radiation
11	Pyranometer	Total Incoming Solar Radiation
12	Wind Vane	Wind Direction
13	Peizometer	Depth of Water Table

S.No	Metric	Value
1	Average Annual Rainfall	1190 mm
2	Total Geographical Area	329 mha
3	Maximum Area under Irrigation	Ganga Basin
4	Maximum Average Annual Runoff Occurs	Brahmaputra Basin
5	Gross Irrigated Area	76 mha
6	Gross Cropped Area	57 mha
7	Total Cropped Area	185.48 mha
8	Net Cropped Area	142.51 mha
9	Cropping Intensity	135.1%
10	Total Degraded Land	175 mha
11	Total Area under Forest	79.52 mha
12	Average Food Grain Production	1552 kg/ha
13	Total Area under Horticultural Crops	12 mha
14	Maximum Production of Fruit Crops	Banana
15	Maximum Area under Fruit Crops	Mango
16	Area under Minor Irrigation	15 mha
17	Total Area under Drip Irrigation	3,45,500 ha
18	Maximum Area under Drip Irrigation	Maharashtra
19	Minimum Requirement of Milk	240 g/person/day
20	Fertilizer Consumption per Unit of Cropped Area	92.1 kg/ha
21	Lowest Consumption Rate of Fertilizers	Andhra Pradesh (1.5 kg/ha)
22	Highest Fertilizer Consumption Rate (State)	Punjab (181 kg/ha)
23	Highest Fertilizer Consumption Rate (Union Territories)	Pondicherry (538 kg/ha)
24	Total Fertilizer Consumption is Maximum	Uttar Pradesh
25	Maximum Area under Irrigation	Punjab
26	Major Source of Irrigation in India	Through Canal
27	Per Capita Availability of Arable Land	0.15 ha
28	Average Size of Operational Holdings	1.57 ha
29	Maximum Operational Holding Size	Nagaland (6.82 ha)
30	Minimum Operational Holding Size	Kerala (0.33 ha)
31	Annual Soil Loss due to Erosion	5,334 million tonnes
32	Percentage of Fresh Water on the Earth	2.8%
33	Agricultural & Livestock Census Conducted	Every 5 years

S.No	Year	Events
1	1875	Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) established at Pune
2	1881	Started first Department of Agriculture
3	1889	Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory (now IVRI) established at Mukteshwar
4	1890	Foundation of Agricultural Research laid by Dr. J A Voelcker
5	1905	Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (now IARI, New Delhi) started at Pusa, Bihar
6	1928	Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established
7	1943	Great Bengal Famine (Caused by Helminthosporium oryzae)
8	1947	Grow More Food campaign
9	1948	Imperial Council of Agricultural Research renamed to Indian Council of Agricultural Research
10	1952	Community Development Programme (CDP) launched
11	1953	National Extension Service (NES) established
12	1956	Balwant Roy Mehta committee: Panchayat Raj (3-tier) system proposed
13	1960	Establishment of Agricultural Universities - Team headed by Dr. M S Randhawa
14	1960	First Agricultural University at Pantnagar established
15	1964	Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) initiated
16	1965	First Scientist Vice President of ICAR, Dr. B P Pal
17	1971	Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) launched
18	1973	Agricultural Research Service (ARS) started by Dr. M S Swaminathan
19	1974	Command Area Development Authority (CADA) established
20	1975	Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB) based on Gajendra Gadkar Committee
21	1977	Desert Development Programme launched
22	1978	Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) initiated
23	1979	Training for Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) launched
24	1985	Crop Insurance Scheme introduced
25	1986	Technology Mission on Oil Seeds (TMO) initiated
26	1999	National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) established

S.No	Institute	Full Name	Location	Established Year
1	IRRI	International Rice Research Institute	Manila, Philippines	1960
2	CIMMYT	International Centre for the Improvement of Maize & Wheat	Mexico	1966
3	IITA	International Institute for Tropical Agriculture	Ibadan, Nigeria	1967
4	IPGRI	International Plant Genetic Resource Institute	Rome, Italy	1974
5	WARDA	West Africa Rice Development Association	Monrovia, Liberia	1971
6	ICRISAT	International Crops Research Institute for Semi - Arid Tropics	Hyderabad, India	1972
7	ICARDA	International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area	Aleppo, Syria	1977
8	CIAT	International Centre for Tropical Agriculture	Colombia	1967
9	IIMI	International Irrigation Management Institute	Colombo, Sri Lanka	1984
10	ICRAF	International Centre for Research in Agro-Forestry	Nairobi, Kenya	1978
11	CIFOR	Centre for International Forestry Research	Bogor, Indonesia	1993
12	ILRI	International Livestock Research Institute	Nairobi, Kenya	1994
13	CIP	International Potato Centre	Lima, Peru	1971
14	CGIAR	Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research	Washington D.C., USA	1971
15	IFPRI	International Food Policy Research Institute	Washington D.C., USA	1975
16	IRRI	International Rice Research Institute	Manila, Philippines	1960
17	ILRI	International Livestock Research Institute	Nairobi, Kenya	1994
18	ICRISAT	International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics	Hyderabad, India	1972
19	ICARDA	International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area	Aleppo, Syria	1977
20	IFPRI	International Food Policy Research Institute	Washington D.C., USA	1975

S.No	Award Name	Field
1	Hari Om Ashram Trust Award	Published research in Crop Science, Horticulture & Animal Science
2	Vasantrao Naik Award	Water Conservation & Dryland Farming
3	Jawaharlal Nehru Award	Best Ph.D in the field of Agricultural & Allied Sciences
4	Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Memorial Award	Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Allied Sciences
5	Fakruddin Ali Ahmed Award	Agricultural Research in Tribal Areas
6	ICAR Young Scientist Award	In the field of Agricultural & Allied Sciences
7	ICAR Team Award	For disciplinary research work in Agricultural & Allied fields
8	Outstanding Women Agricultural Scientist Award	To encourage ICAR women scientists

S.No	Journal Type	Name
1	Scientific Journal	The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
2	Scientific Journal	The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
3	Semi-Technical Journal (Bi-monthly)	Indian Farming
4	Semi-Technical Journal (Bi-monthly)	Indian Horticulture
5	Semi-Technical Journal (Monthly)	Kheti
6	ICAR News	Science & Technology Newsletter

S.No	Project/Program	Start Year
1	National Demonstration Project (NDP)	1964
2	Operational Research Project (ORP)	1974 - 75
3	Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)	1974
4	Lab to Land Programme (LLP)	1979
5	National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)	1998 - 99

S.No	Position/Title	Current Holder
1	Chairman of ICAR (General Body)	Union Minister of Agriculture
2	Director General of ICAR	Search in Internet for updated info.
3	President of ICAR	Union Minister of Agriculture
4	First President of ICAR	Habibulla
5	First Vice-President (DG) of ICAR	Dr. B. P. Pal
6	First Director of IARI	Dr. Vishwanathan
7	First Agriculture Minister of Independent India	Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
8	First All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Maize	Maize Research
9	First National Research Centre (NRC) for Groundnut	National Research Centre for Groundnut (NRCG), Junagadh, Gujarat
10	First KVK in India	Farm Advisory Service, Pondicherry
11	Number of Deemed Universities	4
12	Number of National Bureaus	6
13	Number of Project Directorates	10
14	Number of Central Research Centres	27
15	Number of AICRPs	84
16	Number of KVKs	726

S.No	Term	Crop
1	Curing	Tobacco, Tea
2	Stripping	Jute
3	Nipping	Cotton
4	Wrapping	Sugarcane
5	Propping	Banana
6	Trashing	Sugarcane
7	De-suckering	Tobacco
8	De-tasseling	Maize
9	Pegging	Groundnut
10	Retting	Jute
11	Ginning	Cotton
12	Topping	Cotton
13	Stalking	Tomato
14	Arrowing	Sugarcane
15	Ratooning	Sugarcane
16	Tipping	Tea
17	Parboiling	Rice
18	Rabbing	Tobacco
19	Earthing-up	Potato, Sugarcane
20	Standing	Sunflower
21	Lopping	Lucerne

1.Rice

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Basmati 370	Aromatic rice variety
2	GEB 24, BCP 1, NP 130	Superior Quality Rice Varieties
3	Pusa RH-10	First super fine aromatic basmati hybrid
4	TKM, Pattambi	Diseases - Pest resistant
5	SR 26 B	Saline Tolerant
6	FR 13A/ 43B, Madhukar	Flood tolerant
7	Jalmagna, Jaisuria	Deep water ecology
8	Jaya	High yielding variety
9	Vikramarya	Tungro-virus resistant
10	Ajaya	Bacterial blight resistant
11	Phalguna	Gall-midge resistant
12	Pusa Basmati -1	World's first high yield dwarf export quality aromatic rice
13	IR-8	First dwarf rice variety introduced in India
14	Lunishree	World's first super rice variety for saline / alkaline conditions

2.Wheat

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Lermoroja, Sonora - 64	Direct introductions
2	Kalyan Sona, Sonalika	Selections
3	Sujata, C 306, K8027	Suitable for Rainfed region

3.Pigeonpea

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	ICPH-8	First hybrid in the world

4.Mustard

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Pusa Jai Kisan	First Somaclonal Selection
2	Kalyani, Pusa Bold, Varuna

5.Sugarcane

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	CoC 671	Wonder Cane: Recovery = 10%
2	Gandak, Rajbhog

6.Mango

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Arka Aruna	Banganapalli x Alphanso
2	Mallika	Neelam x Dasheri
3	Amrapali	Dasheri x Neelam
4	Ratna	Neelam x Alphanso
5	Sindhu	Ratna x Alphanso

7.Grape

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Thompson	Seedless variety
2	Arkavati, Arka Neelamani, Dilkush

8.Papaya

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Pusa Delicious
2	Pusa Majestic

9.Rose

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Mrinalini, Dr. B. P. Pal, Jawahar	Thornless variety
2	Priyadarshini, Dr. M.S. Randhawa, Chitra

10.Chrysanthemum

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Indira
2	Rakhee
3	Shanti
4	Vasanti
5	Red Gold

11.Guava

S.No	Variety	Remarks
1	Sardar (Lucknow-49)
2	Safed

S.No	Crop	Oil Percentage
1	Groundnut	44 - 50 %
2	Safflower	24 - 36 %
3	Sesamum	46 - 52 %
4	Castor	35 - 58 %
5	Niger	37 - 43 %
6	Rape seed & Mustard	30 - 33 %
7	Soybean	20 - 22 %
8	Coconut	55 - 60 %
9	Sunflower	40 - 45 %
10	Cotton Seed	10 - 15 %
11	Palm oil (Mesocarp)	15 - 20 %

S.No	Crop	Seed Rate (kg/ha)
1	Rice (Transplanting)	40
2	Rice (Broadcasting)	100
3	Rice (Dibbling)	80 - 90
4	Rice (Drilling)	60
5	Rice (Hybrid)	12 - 15
6	Rice (Depog)	1.5 - 3.0
7	Rice (SRI)	5 - 6
8	Wheat (Standard)	100 - 125
9	Wheat (Hybrid)	67
10	Wheat (By Dibbler)	25 - 30
11	Wheat (Late Sowing)	125
12	Barley (Standard)	100
13	Barley (Late Sowing)	125
14	Maize (Composite)	18 - 20
15	Maize (Hybrid)	20 - 25
16	Maize (Fodder)	40 - 60
17	Sorghum (Standard)	12 - 15
18	Sorghum (Fodder)	20 - 30
19	Pearlmillet (Standard)	4 - 5
20	Pearlmillet (Fodder)	20 - 30
21	Cotton (Desi)	12 - 15
22	Cotton (Hybrid)	2
23	Cotton (American Cotton)	15 - 20
24	Cotton (Bt Cotton)	1.5
25	Groundnut (Bunch)	100 - 120
26	Groundnut (Spreading)	80 - 100
27	Urd (Kharif)	12 - 15
28	Urd (Spring)	20 - 25
29	Mustard (Standard)	4 - 6
30	Soyabean (Standard)	75 - 80
31	Sunflower (Standard)	6 - 7
32	Til (Standard)	3 - 4
33	Jute (Standard)	8 - 10
34	Lucerne (Standard)	20 - 25
35	Tobacco (Standard)	2.5 - 3
36	Potato	20 - 25 Qt
37	Kodo millet (Standard)	6 - 8
38	Castor (Standard)	10
39	Sugarbeat (Standard)	8 - 10
40	Cluster bean (Standard)	30 - 40
41	Safflower (Standard)	15 - 20

S.No	Crops	Description
1	Arable Crops	Crops which are cultivated on ploughed land. They are annual crops and include cereals, root crops, tobacco, sugarcane, maize, and potatoes.
2	Aromatic Crops	Crops/plants that contain odoriferous and volatile substances, occurring as essential oils, gum exudates, balsam, and oleoresin in one or more parts of the plant, such as wood, bark, foliage, flower, and fruit.
3	Alley Crops	Crops grown under agroforestry practices where perennial trees or shrubs are grown simultaneously with arable crops, such as sweet potato, black gram, turmeric, and ginger in the alleys between trees like Eucalyptus, Subabul, and Cassia.
4	Augment Crops	Crops grown to supplement the yield of the main crops, e.g., Japanese mustard with berseem.
5	Avenue Crops	Crops grown along farm roads and fences, such as pigeon pea, Glyricidia, and sisal.
6	Border/Guard Crops	Crops that protect other crops from trespassing animals or restrict wind speed, e.g., safflower planted around a field of gram.
7	Cash Crops	Crops grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed, such as sugarcane, cotton, jute, and tobacco.
8	Catch/Contingent Crops	Crops cultivated to utilize the upcoming season when the main crop fails, e.g., linseed, toria, urd, moong, and cowpea.
9	Contour Crops	Crops grown on or along the contour line to protect the land from soil erosion, e.g., marvel grass.
10	Cover Crops	Close-growing crops grown primarily to improve and protect the soil from erosion through their ground covering foliage and/or rootmats, such as lobia, groundnut, urd, sweet potato, and methi.
11	Complementary Crops	Crops where both the main crop and the intercrop benefit each other, e.g., jowar + lobia.
12	Competitive Crops	Crops that compete with each other and are unsuitable for intercropping, e.g., two cereals.
13	Exhaustive Crops	Crops that leave the field exhausted after growing, e.g., cereals like rice.
14	Energy Crops	Plants grown as low-cost, low-maintenance harvests used to make biofuels or directly exploited for their energy content, e.g., sugarcane, potato, maize, tapioca.
15	Fouling Crops	Crops whose cultivation practices allow intensive weed infestation, e.g., direct-seeded upland rice.
16	Ley Crops	Crops grown for grazing or harvesting for immediate or future feeding to livestock, e.g., berseem + mustard.
17	Medicinal Crops	Plants that contain alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, or other medicinally valuable compounds, used commercially as medicinal plants.
18	Mulch Crops	Crops grown to conserve soil moisture through their ground-covering foliage, e.g., cowpea.
19	Nurse Crops	Crops introduced to foster or nourish another crop, e.g., sunhemp in sugarcane, jowar in cowpea, rai in pea.
20	Paira/Utera Crops	Seeds of succeeding crops are sown 10-15 days before harvesting the rice crop, saving time and utilizing residual fertility, commonly practiced in both upland and lowland rice culture.
21	Paired Row Crops	Crops where the third row is removed or the crop is grown in paired rows to conserve soil moisture in dryland areas.
22	Restorative Crops	Crops that help maintain soil fertility, e.g., pulses and legumes.
23	Silage Crops	Crops like corn, legumes, and grasses harvested early, finely chopped, packed tightly to exclude air, and stored for fermentation, used as animal feed during lean periods, e.g., maize, cowpea, jowar.
24	Smother Crops	Specialized cover crops that suppress weeds by providing dense foliage and quick growth, e.g., buckwheat, mustard, cowpea, urd.
25	Stimulate Crops	Crops that stimulate the human body, e.g., tobacco, opium.
26	Supplementary Crops	Crops that are neither complementary nor competitive, e.g., maize + cucurbits.
27	Trap Crops	Crops grown to protect the main cash crop from pests by attracting them, e.g., cotton red bug trapped by ladyfinger around cotton.
28	Truck Crops	Vegetable crops grown on a large scale for fresh shipment to distant markets, e.g., potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, melons, beets, broccoli, celery, radishes, onions, cabbage, and strawberries.

S.No	Category	Examples
1	Truck Crops	Potato, Onion
2	Cover Crops	Groundnut, Methi
3	Nurse Crops	Sunhemp in Sugarcane, Guar in Suran
4	Silage Crops	Maize, Sorghum
5	Catch Crops	Sunflower, Radish, Semi-rabi Sesame
6	Soiling Crop	Berseem
7	Pasture Crops	Zinzvo
8	Row Crop	Cotton
9	Support Crops	Castor, Shevri
10	Mixed Crops	Cowpea, Tur
11	Companion Crop	Maize in Cowpea
12	Inter crop	Jowar in Fruit Crop
13	Green Manure Crops	Sunhemp, Cluster bean
14	Trap Crops	Marigold around Tobacco, Castor around Sugarcane
15	Cash Crops	Cotton, Sugarcane, Castor

S.No	Crop	Weedicide	Rate (kg/ha) (a.i)	Application Timing
1	Wheat	2,4-D	1.2	Post-emergence
2	Maize	Atrazine	2.0	Pre-emergence
3	Sugarcane	Metribuzin	1.5	Pre-emergence
4	Potato	Paraquat	2.5	Post-emergence
5	Gram	Pendimethalin	1.0	Pre-emergence
6	Mustard	Butachlor	1.5	Pre-emergence
7	Sunflower	Siramet	4.0	Pre-planting
8	Bajra	Atrazine	1.0	Pre-emergence
9	Sorghum	Simazine	1.0	Pre-emergence
10	Groundnut	Oxyflurofen	0.24	Pre-emergence
11	Paddy	Benthiocarb	1.0	Pre-emergence
12	Pigeonpea	Pendimethalin	1.0	Pre-emergence
13	Cotton	Oxidizon, Diuron	1.0	Pre-emergence
14	Onion	Fluchloralin	2.0	Pre-planting
15	Garlic	Oxyflurofen	0.24	Pre-emergence
16	Tomato	Metribuzin	0.7	Pre-emergence
17	Cauliflower	Aptec	4.5	Pre-planting
18	Cabbage	Fluchloralin	2.0	Pre-planting
19	Lucerne	Decathal	2.0	Pre-planting

S.No	Crop	Mutant Variety
1	Wheat	Sarbati Sanora
2	Rice	Jagannath, Prabhavati
3	Pea	Hans
4	Cotton	MCU-7, MCU-10
5	Chickpea	BGM-48, BGM-413
6	Tobacco	Jayshri, Bhavya
7	Turmeric	BSR-1
8	Coffee	Kent
9	Mango	Rosica
10	Urd	CO1, Sarla
11	Arhar	Trombay, Vishakha-1
12	Moong	Pant Mung 2, Dhulli, MUM 2
13	Jute	JRO 412, JRO 514
14	Sugarcane	Co 8152, 8153
15	Mustard	Kranti
16	Sesame	Kalika
17	Castor	Aruna
18	Tomato	Pusa Ruby, Arka Rakshak
19	Brinjal	Arka Nidhi, Pusa Purple Long
20	Groundnut	TAG 24, TG 37A
21	Sunflower	MSFH 8, KBSH 1
22	Barley	RD 2052, VLB 118
23	Sorghum	CSH 16, CSV 15
24	Millet	HHB 67, RHB 121
25	Chili	Pusa Jwala, Arka Lohit
26	Okra	Pusa Sawani, Arka Anamika
27	Onion	Bhima Super, Arka Niketan
28	Garlic	Yamuna Safed, G-282

S.No	King & Queen of Crops	Crop name
1	King of Cereals	Wheat
2	Queen of Cereals	Maize
3	King of Pulses	Chickpea
4	Queen of Pulses	Pea
5	King of Oil Seed	Groundnut
6	Queen of Oil Seed	Sesame
7	King of Fodder Crop	Berseem
8	Queen of Fodder Crop	Lucerne
9	King of Fruits	Mango
10	Queen of Fruits	Mangosteen
11	King of Vegetables	Potato
12	Queen of Vegetables	Okra
13	King of Spices	Black Pepper
14	Queen of Spices	Cardamom
15	King of Flower Crops	Rose
16	Queen of Flower Crops	Gladiolus
17	King of Nut Crops	Walnut
18	Queen of Nut Crops	Pecan Nut
19	King of Coarse Cereal	Sorghum
20	King of Temperate Fruit	Apple
21	King of Arid & Semi-Arid Fruit	Ber
22	King of Weeds	Congress Grass
23	Queen of Beverage Crops	Tea

Nickname of Crops

S.No	Nickname of Crops	Crop name
1	Poor man's meat	Soybean
2	Poor man's food	Pearl Millet
3	Poor man's apple	Guava
4	Poor man's orange - India	Tomato
5	Adam's Fig	Banana
6	Tree of Heaven	Coconut
7	Vegetables meat	Cowpea
8	Apple of Paradise	Banana
9	Wonder crop	Soybean
10	Golden Fibre	Jute
11	Coarsest of coarse millet	Kodo millet
12	Drosophila of crop plants	Maize
13	Backbone of America	Maize
14	Bio-drainage plant	Eucalyptus
15	Poor man's substitute for Ghee	Sesame
16	Poor man's friend	Potato
17	Yellow Jewel of America	Soybean
18	Poor man's fruit	Jackfruit & Ber
19	Glory of East	Chrysanthemum
20	China's Miracle Fruit	Kiwi Fruit
21	Autumn Queen	Chrysanthemum
22	Bio-energy Plant	Jatropha
23	Food of God	Cocoa
24	White Gold of America	Cotton
25	Butter Fruit	Avocado
26	Oldest cultivated tropical fruits	Banana
27	Wonder Tree	Neem
28	Thorny oil-seed crop	Safflower
29	Brown Gold	Dead Pupae of Silkworm
30	Camel crop	Sorghum

S.No	Father of Various Agri Fields	Name
1	Father of Botany	Theopharastus & Linnaeus
2	Father of Agronomy	Pietro de'Crescenzi
3	Father of Agro Climatology	Koppen
4	Father of Agro Meteorology	D N Walia
5	Father of Agro Meteorology in India	L A Ramdas
6	Father of Genetics	Gregor Johann Mendel
7	Father of Experimental Genetics	Thomas Hunt Morgan
8	Father of Natural Farming	Masanobu Fukuoka
9	Father of Organic Farming	Albert Howard
10	Father of Mycology	Pier Antonio Micheli
11	Father of Indian Mycology	E J Butler
12	Father of Indian Rust	K C Mehta
13	Father of Agricultural Chemistry	Justus Von Leibig
14	Father of Nematology	N A Cobb
15	Father of Antibiotics	Alexander Flaming
16	Father of Biology	Aristotle
17	Father of Bacteriology	Anton Van Leuwenhoek
18	Father of Forest Pathology	Robert Haring
19	Father of Statistics	R A Fisher
20	Father of Modern Tillage	Jethro Tull
21	Father of Plant Physiology	Stephen Hales
22	Father of Microbiology	Louis Pasteur
23	Father of Cytology	Robert Hooke
24	Father of ATP Cycle	Fritz Albert Lipmann
25	Father of Medical Bacteriology	Robert Koch
26	Father of Pure Culture Technique	Oscar Brefeld
27	Father of Ornamental Gardening	M S Randhwa
28	Father of Economic Ecology	M S Swaminathan
29	Father of Tissue Culture	Gottlieb Haberlandt
30	Father of Modern Biochemistry	Carl Alexander Neuberg
31	Father of Modern Biochemistry in India	Bires Chandra Guha
32	Father of Sociology	Auguste Compte
33	Father of Modern Sociology	R K Meston
34	Father of Fermentation	Louis Pasteur
35	Father of Extension	J P Leagans
36	Father of Demonstration	Seaman A Knapp
37	Father of Field Plot Experiment	J B Bousingault
38	Father of Extension Education in India	K N Singh
39	Father of Economics	Adam Smith
40	Father of Fruits & Vegetables Preservation	Nicolas Appert
41	Father of DNA Fingerprinting Technique	Alec Jeffry
42	Father of Cytoplasmic Inheritance	Carl Correns
43	Father of Genetic Engineering	Paul Berg
44	Father of Green Revolution	N E Borlaug
45	Father of Modern Economics in India	Mahadev Govind Ranade
46	Father of Crop Rotation	Nor Fork
47	Father of Golden Rice	Ingo Potrykus
48	Father of Hybrid Rice	Yuan Longping
49	Father of Hybrid Cotton	C T Patel
50	Father of Indian Plant Breeding	B P Pal
51	Father of Indian Remote Sensing	P R Pishroty
52	Father of Immunology	Edward Jenner
53	Father of Mutation Theory	Hugo De Vries
54	Father of Nitrogen Fixation	Winogradsky
55	Father of Pedology	V V Dokuchalev
56	Father of Ecology	Reiter
57	Father of Parasitology	F Platter
58	Father of Plant Anatomy	Grew
59	Father of Phylogenetic Inheritance	Kolreuter

Agriculture Crops & its origin

S.No	Crop	Origin
1	Arhar	Africa
2	Bajra	Africa
3	Barley	Ethiopia
4	Berseem	Egypt
5	Castor	Ethiopia
6	Cotton	India
7	Cowpea	West Africa
8	Field Pea	Mediterranean region
9	Groundnut	Brazil
10	Gram	South West Asia
11	Jowar	Africa
12	Maize	South America (Mexico)
13	Moong	India
14	Mustard	China
15	Napier Grass	Rhodesia
16	Rai	China
17	Rice	South East Asia (Indo Burma)
18	Rapeseed	Afganisthan / Mediterranean India
19	Sesamum	South West Africa
20	Soybean	China
21	Sugarcane	New Guinea
22	Sunflower	Mexico & South USA
23	Tea	China
24	Tobacco	Central America
25	Wheat	South West Asia

Horticulture Crops & its origin

S.No	Crop	Origin
1	Apple	Kazakhstan
2	Banana	South East Asia
3	Bean	India
4	Bitter Gourd	Indo Burma
5	Brinjal	Indo Burma
6	Bottle Gourd	America
7	Carrot	Iran & Afghanistan
8	Cabbage	Mediterranean Region
9	Cauliflower	Mediterranean Cyprus
10	Chilli	Mexico / South America
11	Cucumber	India
12	Fig	Western Asia
13	French Bean	Mexico
14	Garlic	Central Asia / South Europe
15	Jackfruit	India
16	Knol Khol	Mediterranean Region / North Europe
17	Musk Melon	Asia
18	Okra	Africa
19	Onion	India & Afghanistan
20	Palak	Indo - China
21	Pea	Ethiopia / Central Asia / Africa
22	Pointed Gourd	India
23	Potato	South America (Peru / Mexico)
24	Pumpkin	Mexico
25	Radish	China / Europe
26	Sweet Potato	Mexico
27	Tomato	South America (Peru & Ecuador)
28	Turnip	Central & Western China

S.No	Nutrients	Sources
1	Nitrogen (N)	Organic matter
2	Phosphorus (P)	Apetite and Al & Fe phosphate
3	Potash (K)	Micas, Feldspar, Biotite
4	Calcium (Ca)	Dolomite, Calcite
5	Magnesium (Mg)	Dolomite, Muscovite
6	Sulphur (S)	Gypsum, Pyrite, Organic matter
7	Iron (Fe)	Pyrite, Magnetite
8	Molybdenum (Mo)	Olivine
9	Boron (B)	Tourmaline
10	Manganese (Mn)	Magnetite
11	Zinc (Zn)	Sphalerite
12	Chlorine (Cl)	Apetite

S.No	Toxins	Plants
1	Gossypol	Cotton
2	Neurotoxin (BOAA)	Lathyrus
3	Erucic acid	Rapeseed and mustard
4	Goitrogen	Soybean
5	Saponin and plant estrogens	Alfalfa/Lucerne
6	Aflatoxin	Groundnut
7	Coumarins	Sweet clover
8	HCN glucosides/Prussic acid/Dhurin	Sorghum
9	Steroidal alkaloids	Potato
10	Alkaloids	Yam
11	Resins	Mango
12	Antivitamin E Factor	Field pea
13	Polyphenolics	Safflower
14	Tripsin inhibitors	Pigeon pea, French bean & Soybean
15	Haemaggutinins	French bean
16	Lathyrogens or Neurotoxin	Lathyrus sativus (Khesari)
17	Glucosides	White clover
18	Eicosenoic acid	Rapeseed and mustard
19	Polyphenolics	Sunflower
20	Cucurbitacins	Cucurbits
21	CN glucosides	Cassava
22	Oxalic acid	Pearl millet, Napier grass

S.No	Cereal Crops	Botanical Name
1	Rice	Oryza sativa L.
2	Wheat	Triticum aestivum L.
3	Maize	Zea mays L.
4	Bajra / Pearl Millet	Pennisetum typhoides / Pennisetum glaucum L.
5	Sorghum / Jowar	Sorghum bicolor / Sorghum vulgare L. Moench
6	Barley	Hordeum vulgare L.
7	Triticale	Secale cereale
8	Buckwheat / Pseudo Cereal	Fagopyrum esculentum
9	Oats	Avena sativa L.
10	Rye	Secale cereale L.

S.No	Millet Crops	Botanical Name
1	Cheena / Proso Millet	Panicum miliaceum L.
2	Foxtail / Italian / Jermani Millet / Kakun	Setaria italica L. Beauv.
3	Kodo / Coarse Millet	Paspalum scrobiculatum L.
4	Little Millet	Panicum sumatrense Roth
5	Madua / Ragi / Finger Millet	Eleusine coracana Gaertn
6	Sawan / Barnyard Millet	Echinochloa frumentacea L.

S.No	Pulse Crops	Botanical Name
1	Gram / Chickpea / Bengal Gram	Cicer arietinum L.
2	Field Pea / Grain Pea	Pisum sativum var. arvense
3	Arhar / Pigeon Pea / Red Gram	Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.
4	Soybean	Glycine max (L.) Merr.
5	Black Gram / Urdbean	Vigna mungo / Phaseolus mungo L. Hepper
6	Green Gram / Moong / Moongbean	Vigna radiata / Phaseolus aureus L. Wilczek
7	French Bean / Rajma	Phaseolus vulgaris
8	Indian Cowpea / Lobia	Vigna unguiculata / Vigna sinensis L.
9	Lentil	Lens esculenta / L. culinaris Moench
10	Lathyrus / Chickling Pea / Grasspea	Lathyrus sativus
11	Mothbean	Vigna aconitifolia / Phaseolus aconitifolia
12	Horse Gram / Kulthi	Macrotyloma uniflorum

S.No	Edible Oilseed Crops	Botanical Name
1	Groundnut / Peanut / Monkeynut	Arachis hypogaea L.
2	Sunflower	Helianthus annuus L.
3	Safflower	Carthamus tinctorius L.
4	Rapeseed and Mustard	Brassica spp.
5	Sesamum / Til	Sesamum indicum L.
6	Niger	Guizotia abyssinica (L.) Cass.
7	Linseed / Flax	Linum usitatissimum L.

S.No	Non-Edible Oilseed Crops	Botanical Name
1	Cottonseed	Gossypium spp.
2	Castor	Ricinus communis L.
3	Jatropha	Jatropha curcas L.
4	Neem	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
5	Rubber	Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.) Müll. Arg.
6	Mahua	Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbr.

S.No	Fiber Crops	Botanical Name
1	Cotton	Gossypium spp.
2	Jute / Tita Pat	Corchorus capsularis L.
3	Sunhemp	Crotalaria juncea L.
4	Flax	Linum usitatissimum L.
5	Hemp	Cannabis sativa L.
6	Kenaf	Hibiscus cannabinus L.

S.No	Forage Crops	Botanical Name
1	Berseem	Trifolium alexandrinum L.
2	Lucerne / Alfalfa	Medicago sativa L.
3	Oat	Avena sativa L.
4	Napier Grass	Pennisetum purpureum L.
5	Clusterbean / Gaur	Cymopsis tetragonoloba L.

S.No	Sugar Crops	Botanical Name
1	Sugarcane / Cane	Saccharum officinarum L.
2	Sugarbeet	Beta vulgaris L.

S.No	Tuber Crops	Botanical Name
1	Potato	Solanum tuberosum L.
2	Tapioca	Manihot utilissima Pohl
3	Sweet Potato	Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
4	Yam	Dioscorea spp.
5	Yam Bean	Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb.

S.No	Stimulant Crops	Botanical Name
1	Tobacco	Nicotiana spp.
2	Opium	Papaver somniferum L.
3	Coffee	Coffea arabica L.
4	Cocoa	Theobroma cacao L.

S.No	Medicinal Crops	Botanical Name
1	Safed Musli	Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fern.
2	Ashwagandha / Winter Cherry	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
3	Rouvolfia / Sarpagandha	Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz
4	Isabgol	Plantago ovata Forsk.
5	Butch	Acorus calamus L.
6	Brahmi	Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell
7	Nux Vomica	Strychnos nux-vomica L.

S.No	Aromatic Crops	Botanical Name
1	Lemon Grass	Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.
2	Mentha / Mint	Mentha arvensis L.
3	Khus / Vetiver	Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash
4	Citronella	Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt
5	Tulsi / Basil	Ocimum sanctum L.

S.No	Plant Type	Condition
1	Acidophiles	Plants grow well under acidic conditions.
2	Amphipytes	Plants grow in two contrasting conditions e.g. land & water.
3	Basophiles	Plants prefer alkaline soils.
4	Bryophytes	Non-vascular thallus plants.
5	Calcifuges	Calcium-sensitive plants.
6	Calciphytes	Plants require a large quantity of calcium.
7	Chamaephytes	Plants growing under extremely cold climates.
8	Chasmophytes	Plants roots capable of penetrating into rock fissures.
9	Chrysophytes	Diatoms and golden algae found in freshwater.
10	Epiphytes	Plants grow on another plant for physical support.
11	Gypsophytes	Gypsum-loving plants.
12	Halophytes	Plants prefer saline conditions.
13	Heliophytes	Light-loving plants.
14	Hemicryptophytes	Plants suitable for grassland conditions.
15	Hydrophytes	Water-loving plants.
16	Lithophytes	Plants growing on rock surfaces.
17	Oxylophytes	Plants tolerant to high acidic soil conditions.
18	Petrophytes	Plants able to grow on rocks.
19	Phanerophytes	Plants growing in warm and moist climates.
20	Phreatophytes	Plants showing the presence of sub-surface water.
21	Psammophytes	Plants prefer sandy soils.
22	Pteridophytes	Seedless vascular plants.
23	Sociophytes	Plants preferring shady conditions.
24	Therophytes	Plants growing in hot and dry conditions (remain dormant under adverse conditions).
25	Xerophytes	Plants growing under desert conditions.

S.No	Act/Order	Passed Year
1	Agriculture Refinance and Development Corporation Act	1963
2	Agriculture Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act	1937
3	Biological Diversity Act	2002
4	Bonded Labour System Act	1976
5	Bureau of Indian Standard Act	1986
6	Copyright Act	1957
7	Copyright Act (Amendment)	1999
8	Corporation Act	1962
9	Central Pollution Control Board	1974
10	Cattle Trespass Act	1871
11	Consumer Protection Act	1986
12	Drug and Cosmetics Act	1940
13	Destructive Insects and Pest Act	1914
14	Energy Conservation Act	2001
15	Employer's Provident Fund and Family Pension Act	1972
16	Essential Commodities Act	1955
17	Equal Remuneration Act	1976
18	Environment Protection Act	1986
19	Fertilizer Control Order	1985
20	Forest Survey of India Act	1981
21	Forest Conservation Act	1980
22	Fertilizer Movement Control Order	1969
23	Fruit Products Order	1953
24	Food Security Bill	2011
25	Insecticide Rule	1971
26	Indian Forest Act	1927
27	Insecticide Act	1968
28	Indian Fisheries Act	1897
29	Insecticide (Price, Stock, Display and Submission of Reports) Order	1986
30	Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission	2010
31	Land Improvement Act	1871
32	Locust Warning Organization	1939
33	Land Acquisition Act	1894
34	Livestock Importation Act	1898
35	Milk and Milk Product Order	1992
36	Meat Food Product Order	1973
37	Minimum Wages Act	1948
38	Micro Irrigation Scheme	2006
39	National Seed Policy	2002
40	National Biodiversity Act	2002
41	National Water Policy	2002
42	New and Renewable Energy Policy	2005
43	National Policy on Biofuels	2009
44	Plant Quarantine Order	2003
45	Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act	2001
46	Plant, Fruit and Seed Order	1989
47	Payment of Bonus Act	1965
48	Prevention of Food Adulteration Act	1955
49	Payment of Wages Act	1936
50	RBI Act	1934
51	Regional Rural Bank Act	1976
52	Royal Commission Report	1928
53	Standard of Weight and Measures Act	1976
54	Seed Act	1966
55	Seed Rule	1968
56	Seed Control Act	1983
57	Vegetable Oil Products Control Order	1977
58	Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act	1974
59	Warehousing Corporation Act	1962
60	Wildlife Protection Act	1972
61	Zoological Survey of India	1916

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS)

• It was launched by Govt. of India in Kharif in 18th February 2016 by Hon'ble Prime Minster.
• To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crops as a result of natural calamities, pest and diseases.
• In this scheme, the premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low 2 per cent of sum insured for all Kharif crops, 1.5 per cent for all Rabi crops and 5 per cent for commercial and horticultural crops.
• The schemes are voluntary for States and available in areas and crops that are notified by State Governments.

• The Govt. of India launched two mobile apps on 24 December 2015 to help farmers and find out complete details about insurance cover available.

• The apps-Agrimarket mobile app and crop insurance mobile app developed by the in house IT Division of the Agriculture Ministry are available in Google Store or mKisan portal for download. These are AgriMarket Mobile App and Crop Insurance Mobile App.

• The farmers are able to avail the information about the crop insurance coverage, calculate premium, details of the insured amount, and market prices by capturing their location using mobile G.P.S. Further, the apps are available in english and Hindi.

• The SmartAgri app developed by Vijayaraghavan Viswanathan with European organisation for nuclear research is able to communicate with the underground sensors which give the data like moisture and other minute details for the farmers.

• Likewise, the app created by the Jayalakshmi Agro Tech equips the farmers with crop-specific information using the audio visual tools.

• Mandi Trade lists Govt's updated price lists.

• Rainbow agri connect the local buyers and the sellers.

• Mpower social offers the veterinary advice for the cattle owners.

• Microsoft has introduced an app that states the perfect week for sowing of seeds, the health of the soil and other necessary indicators in the Andhra Pradesh state.

• All these apps cater to the agricultural sector. In the long run, it is anticipated that the rural masses will use the technology in order to grow their agriculture as a profitable business.

• National Agriculture Market or e-NAM is a Pan India, unified national electronic agriculture market for agricultural commodities. It was launched by Ministry of Agriculture on 14 April, 2016 to facilitate farmers, traders, buyers, exporters and processors with a common platform for trading commodities.

• In this innovative market process is revolutionizing agri-markets by ensuring better price discovery, bringing in transparency and competition to enable farmers to get improved remuneration for their produce moving towards 'One Nation One Market With the aim to integrate 585 regulated markets with the common e-market platform by march 2018.

• On 5th December 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme.

• SHC will contain the status of his soil with respect to 12 parameters, namely N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo and pH, EC, OC. Based on this, the SHC will also indicate fertilizer recommendations and soil amendment required for the farm.

• SHG will be provided to all farmers in the country at an interval of 3 years to enable the farmers to apply recommended doses of nutrients based on soil test values to realize improved and sustainble soil health and fertility, lost costs and high profits.

• It is an initiative to promote commercial organic production through certified organic farming in the country. This scheme was launched by Government of India in 2015.

• Under PKVY organic farming is promoted through adoption of organic village by cluster approach and PGS certification.

• Under PKVY scheme, an area of 5 lakh acre is targeted to be covered through 10, 000 Clusters of 50 acres each, from the year, 2015-16 to 2017- 18.

PMKSY decision was taken on 1 July 2015 at the meeting of Cabinet committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), headed by the Prime Minister.

The major objectives of PMKSY are as follows:

• Converge investments in irrigation at the farm level and provide end- to-end solution

• Har Khet Ko Pani: Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under assured irrigation

• Integration of source, distribution, efficient use of water through appropriate technology and practice

• Enhance adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies under More Crop Per Drop.

• Promotion of micro-irrigation in the form of drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan)

• Enhance recharge of aquifers; promote sustainable water conservation

• Ensure integrated development of Rainfed areas

• Water harvesting, water management and crop alignment, explore feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in irrigation.

• DD Kisan is an Indian Agriculture 24 hour television channel, which is owned by Doordarshan and was launched on 26 May, 2015.

• The channel has been dedicated to agriculture and related sectors, which disseminates real-time input to farmers on new farming techniques, water conservation, organic farming, agri-mandi data, etc.

• In January 2015, the Government allowed the urea produce upto 100 per cent of production as Neem coated urea. Further, the Government made it mandatory to produce at least 75 per cent of domestic urea as Neem coated. The current policy is that Government has mandated all indigenous producers of urea to produce 100 per cent of urea as Neem coated urea only.

• The scheme being promoted to regulation the use of urea, enhance the availability of nitrogen to the crop and reduce to cost of fertilizer consumption.

• Urea coated with Neem oil is known as Neem coated urea. Only about 30 to 40 per cent of N, in the urea is utilized by the plants. Coating of Neem oil helps in gradual release of nitrates into soil. This may work as a biopesticide.

• Primary motive of the Indian government is to stop the illegal diverting of highly subsidized urea for the industrial purpose. Neem coated urea is unfit for industrial purpose.

• The interest subvention scheme for farmers aims at providing short term credit to farmers at subsidized interested rate. The policy came into force with effect from Kharif 2006-07. The scheme is being implemented for the year 2017-18. The Government has earmarked approximately Rs 20,339 crores for interest subvention during 2017-18.

• The interest subvention will be given to Public Sector Bank (PSBs), Private Sector Banks, Cooperative Banks and Regional Banks (RRBs) on use if own funds and to NABARD for refinance to RRBs and Cooperative Banks.

• The interest Subvention Scheme will continue for one year and it will be implemented by NABARD and RBI.

Interest Subvention for Short-term Crop Loans

• The Central Government provide farmers under the interest subvention scheme to all farmers for short term crop loan up-to one year for loan up-to Rs. 3 lakhs borrowed by them during the year 2017-18.

• Under this scheme, the farmers can avail concessional crop loans of up-to Rs. 3 lakh at 7 per cent rate of interest. It also provides for ab additional subvention of 3 per cent for prompt repayment within a period of one year from the date of advance. The scheme for 2017-18 will help farmers to avail of short term crop loans up-to Rs. 3 lakh payable within one year at only 4 per cent per annum. In case farmers do not repay the short term crop loan in time they would be eligible for interest subvention of 2 per cent as against 5 per cent available above.

• The amount of subvention is to be calculated on the amount of crop loan from the date of disbursement up to the date of repayment.

Interest Subvention for Post-harvest Loans

• As a measure to check distress sale, post-harvest loans for storage in accredited warehouses against Negotiable Warehouses Receipts (NWRs) are available for up-to 6 months for KCC holding small & marginal farmers. The Interest Subvention Scheme will continue for one year and it will be implemented by NABARD and RBI.

• In order to give relief to small and marginal farmers who would have to borrow at 9 per cent post-harvest storage of their produce, the Central Government has approved an interest subvention of 2 per cent i.e. and effective rate of loans up-to 6 months.

Interest Subvention for Relief to Farmers Affected by Natural Calamities

• To provide relief to the farmers affected by Natural Calamities, the interest subvention of 2 per cent will be provided to Banks for the first year on the restricted amount.

Interest Subvention under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)

DAY-NRLM has a provision for interest subvention, to cover the difference between the Lending Rate of the banks and 7 per cent, on all credit from the banks/ financial institutions availed by women SHGs, for a maximum of 3,00,000 per SHG. This will be available across the country in two ways:

• In 150 identified districts, banks will lend to the women SHGs @7 per cent up to an aggregated loan amount of Rs 3,00,000/-. The SHGs will also get additional interest subvention of 3 per cent in prompt payment, reducing the effective rate of interest to 4 per cent.

• In the remaining districts also, DAY-NRLM compliant women SHGs will get be registered with SRLMs. These SHGs are eligible for interest subvention to the extent of difference between the lending rates and 7 per cent for the loan up to Rs 3 lakhs, subjected to the norms prescribed by the respective SRLMs. This part of the scheme will be operationalized bu SRLMs.

• Kisan Rath is a mobile app to facilitate farmers/traders, transporters for transporting agriproduce, which is a critical activity affecting the availability of agri-produce in the Annual Report 2020-21 Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers' Welfare 159 markets and food wastage along the supply chain. The Kisan Rath app ensures smooth supply linkages between farmers, traders, warehouses, FPOS, APMC mandis, intra-State & inter-State buyers and helps in reduction of food wastage by timely transport. The app was launched by the Hon'ble Minister of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare, Shri Narendra Singh Tomar on 17-April, 2020. It is available in both Android and iOS versions in 11 languages (Hindi, English, Odiya, Assamese, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Kannada, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati).

• The Kisan Rath App enables the consignor (farmers, FPOs, traders) to post their transportation requirement (load request) online. The app then disseminates these load requests to the transport service providers as per various criteria (e.g. area of operation of transporter, type of vehicle,distance and weight etc.). The service providers can then revert with a quote against the posted load requests and can also contact the consignor for negotiation and finalising the deal.

• For ease of user registration and posting of load requests, Kisan Rath is integrated with e-NAM and Farms mobile app also. e-NAM and Farms app users are automatically registered on Kisan Rath and e-NAM users can post a load request from within the e-NAM app also.

• As on 15.12.2020, more than 4.36 lakhs farmers, 90 thousand traders, 1900 FPOs, 26 thousand service providers, 7 major truck aggregators and 1 tractor trolley aggregator have been on boarded, providing more than 11 lakh transport vehicles for hire (comprising of trucks and tractor trolleys) and Kisan Rath has received more than 8426 post load requests.

• "Sub Mission on Agroforestry is launched with aim" Har Med Par Ped" during 2016-17.

• This policy formulated to augments farmer's income and achieve climate resilience.